Peak discharge increase in hyperconcentrated floods     

《Advances in water resources》2014

The peak of river floods usually decreases in the downstream direction unless it is compensated by freshwater inflow from tributaries. In the Yellow River (China) the opposite is regularly observed, where the peak discharge of river floods increases in the downstream direction (at a rate far exceeding the contribution from tributaries). This flood peak discharge increase is probably related to rapid morphological changes, to a modified bed friction, or to a combination of both. Yet the relative role of these processes is still poorly understood. This paper aims to analyze the relative contribution of bed erosion and friction change to the peak discharge increase, based on available data and a recently developed numerical model. Using this high-resolution, fully coupled morphodynamic model of non-capacity sediment transport, two hyperconcentrated floods characterized by downstream peak discharge increase are numerically reproduced and analyzed in detail. The results reveal that although erosion effects may contribute to the downstream discharge increase (especially in case of extreme erosion), for most cases the increase must be mainly due to a reduction in bed friction during peak discharge conditions. Additionally, based on the concept of channel storage reduction, the effects of decreasing bed friction and (very strong) bed erosion can be integrated in explaining the peak discharge increase.  相似文献   

流体涡旋中螺旋波不稳定发展的理论研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

陶建军  李朝奎 《地球物理学报》2008,51(3):650-656

文章利用柱坐标下的流体涡度方程,通过求初始时刻的解析解,研究了螺旋波的不稳定发展问题.结论是：涡旋中螺旋波动之间可以通过基本流耦合相互作用,出现共振不稳定增长.其增长率大小与初始扰动的波数相关,数值计算结果也表明：波动在发展过程中,螺旋带状结构将越来越明显,螺旋角越来越小.  相似文献   

多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱Cu同位素测定中的干扰评估   总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14  

蔡俊军  朱祥坤  唐索寒  李世珍  何学贤 《高校地质学报》2006,12(3):392-397

多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱（MC—ICP—MS）是高精度测定铜同位素的新方法,然而在测定中也可能存在干扰。为此对MC—ICPMS Cu同位素测定中的可能干扰进行了评估。主要包括以下方面的内容：（1）对所用标准物质和试剂进行了纯化,所用标准物质和试剂对Cu同位素的同质异位素干扰可以忽略;（2）运用K和／参数进行了讨论,其中K为样品中的Cu浓度与标准溶液中Cu浓度的比值,f为在一定Cu浓度的标准溶液中干扰信号相对于^63Cu真实信号的比值。理论模拟表明,当K值小于1时,即使在质量为63处的干扰很小,对ε^65 Cu的影响也可能很大;（3）通过对理论模拟结果与实际测定结果的对比,发现对所用的试剂而言质量数为65的干扰可以忽略不计;（4）实际测定结果表明,当样品中Cu的浓度是标样中Cu的浓度的0．5～4倍时,测试获得的样品的ε^65值与其真值在误差范围内一致;（5）对潜在的基质效应重点研究了Fe和Co对Cu同位素测定的影响。实验结果表明,当Fe／Cu〈100,Co／Cu〈7时,Fe,Co不影响Cu同位素比值的测定;（6）10个月的重现性研究结果为ε^65=3．5±1．0（2SD）。该测定值在误差范围内与文献报道的值一致  相似文献   

Towing dynamics of a liferaft and fast rescue craft in a surface wave     

W. Raman-Nair  J. Power  A. Simoes Re 《Ocean Engineering》2008,35(11-12):1252-1258

The equations of motion for the coupled dynamics of a small liferaft and fast rescue craft in a surface wave are formulated in two dimensions using the methods of Kane and Levinson [1985. Dynamics: Theory and Applications. McGraw-Hill Inc., New York]. It is assumed that the motion normal to the wave surface is small and can be neglected, i.e. the bodies move along the propagating wave profile. The bodies are small so that wave diffraction and reflection are negligible. A Stokes second order wave is used and the wave forces are applied using Morison's equation for a body in accelerated flow. Wind loads are similarly modelled using drag coefficients. The equations are solved numerically using the Runge–Kutta routine “ode45” of MATLAB^®. The numerical model provides guidelines for predicting the tow loads and motions of small craft in severe sea states.  相似文献   

Preindustrial, historical, and fertilization simulations using a global ocean carbon model with new parameterizations of iron limitation, calcification, and N₂ fixation     

Konstantin Zahariev  James R. Christian  Kenneth L. Denman 《Progress in Oceanography》2008,77(1):56-82

The Canadian Model of Ocean Carbon (CMOC) has been developed as part of a global coupled climate carbon model. In a stand-alone integration to preindustrial equilibrium, the model ecosystem and global ocean carbon cycle are in general agreement with estimates based on observations. CMOC reproduces global mean estimates and spatial distributions of various indicators of the strength of the biological pump; the spatial distribution of the air-sea exchange of CO₂ is consistent with present-day estimates. Agreement with the observed distribution of alkalinity is good, consistent with recent estimates of the mean rain ratio that are lower than historic estimates, and with calcification occurring primarily in the lower latitudes. With anthropogenic emissions and climate forcing from a 1850-2000 climate model simulation, anthropogenic CO₂ accumulates at a similar rate and with a similar spatial distribution as estimated from observations. A hypothetical scenario for complete elimination of iron limitation generates maximal rates of uptake of atmospheric CO₂ of less than 1 PgC y⁻¹, or about 11% of 2004 industrial emissions. Even a ‘perfect’ future of sustained fertilization would have a minor impact on atmospheric CO₂ growth. In the long term, the onset of fertilization causes the ocean to take up an additional 77 PgC after several thousand years, compared with about 84 PgC thought to have occurred during the transition into the last glacial maximum due to iron fertilization associated with increased dust deposition.  相似文献   

Coupling winds to ocean surface currents over the global ocean     

Zengan Deng  Lian Xie  Bin Liu  Kejian Wu  Dongliang Zhao  Ting Yu 《Ocean Modelling》2009,29(4):261-268

A Wind stress–Current Coupled System (WCCS) consisting of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and an improved wind stress algorithm based on Donelan et al. [Donelan, W.M., Drennan, Katsaros, K.B., 1997. The air–sea momentum flux in mixed wind sea and swell conditions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27, 2087–2099] is developed by using the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF). The WCCS is applied to the global ocean to study the interactions between the wind stress and the ocean surface currents. In this study, the ocean surface current velocity is taken into consideration in the wind stress calculation and air–sea heat flux calculation. The wind stress that contains the effect of ocean surface current velocity will be used to force the HYCOM. The results indicate that the ocean surface velocity exerts an important influence on the wind stress, which, in turn, significantly affects the global ocean surface currents, air–sea heat fluxes, and the thickness of ocean surface boundary layer. Comparison with the TOGA TAO buoy data, the sea surface temperature from the wind–current coupled simulation showed noticeable improvement over the stand-alone HYCOM simulation.  相似文献   

中国地球气候系统模式的发展及其模拟和预估   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

周天军  陈梓明  邹立维  陈晓龙  俞永强  王斌  包庆  鲍颖  曹剑  何编  胡帅  李立娟  李建  林岩銮  马利斌  乔方利  容新尧  宋振亚  唐彦丽  吴波  吴统文  辛晓歌  张贺  张明华 《气象学报》2020,78(3):332-350

地球气候系统模式是开展多学科、多圈层集成研究的重要平台,其发展是国际地学领域特别是全球变化领域竞争的前沿。中国的地球气候系统模式研发工作始于20世纪80年代,最近10年得到快速发展。研发格局上已经形成中国科学院、有关部委和高校三足鼎立的局面。文中在简要回顾中国地球气候系统模式早期发展历史的基础上,总结了中国参加第6次耦合模式比较计划的9个地球气候系统模式的技术特点,初步评估了中国4个模式对全球和东亚气候模拟的基本性能,分析了其在4种共享社会经济路径情景下对全球降水与温度的预估变化及其与平衡态气候敏感度的联系。最后,结合国际态势,从发展的角度提出未来中国气候模式研发工作需要加强的8个方向。   相似文献   

敞开酸溶-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定钨矿石和锡矿石中14种微量元素   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

杨小莉  杨小丽  李小丹  邵鑫  杨梅 《岩矿测试》2014,33(3):321-326

钨矿石和锡矿石成分复杂,具有丰富的共生或伴生元素。在国家标准方法中,对其中的微量共生或伴生元素含量多采用单元素测定,分析强度大,效率低。本文采用混合酸在敞开体系中消解样品,以50%盐酸提取盐类,电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)同时测定钨矿石和锡矿石中的锂钪铬钴镍铜铅锌铷钼铯锑铋钍等14种微量元素。通过比较碱熔法、盐酸+氢氟酸+硝酸+高氯酸四酸溶矿法、氢氟酸+硝酸+高氯酸三酸溶矿法这三种样品前处理方法,确定选择使用氢氟酸+硝酸+高氯酸三酸溶矿法溶解样品。ICPMS测定过程中,选择铑和铼作为内标元素,有效监控分析信号的漂移。测定结果表明,各元素的检出限为0.003~1.64μg/g,相对标准偏差在0.1%~3.1%,方法回收率在93.1%~104.3%。方法应用于实际钨矿石和锡矿石分析,测定结果与各元素标准测定值吻合较好。相对于传统处理方法,本法一次溶样,多元素同时测定,使分析效率得到了有效提高,更适合大批量多元素钨矿石和锡矿石样品的分析。  相似文献   

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱测定铜精矿中7种稀有金属元素   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

燕娜  赵生国  赵伟  郑红文 《岩矿测试》2014,33(2):197-202

准确快速测定铜精矿中7种稀有金属元素（镓铟锗硒碲铊镧）的分布情况对于铜精矿的综合利用及减少技术性贸易壁垒等方面具有重要意义,因锗和铊等目标元素含量低至10^-7级,要求分析方法具有高灵敏度。本文应用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱方法实现了7种稀有金属元素的快速准确测定。以盐酸-硝酸混合酸（体积比3：2）作为样品的微波消解试剂,选取合适的分析质量、调谐仪器及数学校正方程等三种方式消除质谱干扰。在优化的实验条件下,目标元素加标回收率为80.2%~123.3%,相对标准偏差小于13.4%。硒的检出限为1.3 mg/kg,另外6种目标元素的检出限均低于0.08 mg/kg。本法目标元素的检出限均低于电感耦合等离子体发射光谱或原子吸收光谱法测定相应元素的检出限。该方法降低了试剂空白,简化了操作流程,提高了分析灵敏度,实现了铜精矿目标元素的同时分析。  相似文献   

田口方法用于地质样品中痕量超痕量金三种分析方法的对比          下载免费PDF全文

陈爱平  孙自军  李振 《岩矿测试》2014,33(1):51-56

目前测定地质样品痕量、超痕量金常用的三种方法是活性炭吸附富集-发射光谱法、泡塑吸附富集-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法、活性炭吸附富集-电感耦合等离子体质谱法,这三种方法的检出限在0.1~0.3ng/g之间,由于矿石矿物的组成非常复杂,因此在有效富集和分离的基础上,采用合适的分析手段,能够对地质样品提供满意的分析结果。为保证试样要求的灵敏度和准确性,分析方法的选择需求应根据具体试样情况和实验室条件而定。根据田口玄一博士在测量工程学中提出的信噪比(S/N)能测量系统抗干扰能力,评价测量系统的稳健性和可靠性这一观点,本文利用田口测量质量控制理论,评价地质样品中痕量、超痕量金常用的上述三种分析测试方法,对这三种分析方法三个金标准物质的测试数据进行分类处理,计算S/N值和相对标准不确定度,通过比较三者的S/N值和相对标准不确定度值,确定更为可靠的测试体系。分析结果表明,对于地质样品中痕量金(含量大于1 ng/g)的测试,三种分析方法均能够满足要求;对于超痕量金(含量小于1 ng/g)的测试,活性炭吸附富集-电感耦合等离子体质谱法是较好的测试方案。  相似文献